Post-exercise heart rate recovery and its speed are associated with resting-reactivity cardiovagal modulation in healthy women.

The present study sought to expand upon prior investigations of the relationship between post-exercise heart rate recovery (HRR) and cardiovagal resting-reactivity modulation. HRR from 1st to 5th min after maximal exercise test was correlated with a cardiovagal index of heart rate variability (SD1) at resting (supine and orthostatic positions) and its reactivity after the orthostatic stress test in 34 healthy women. Statistical analysis employed non-parametric tests with a p-value set at 5%. HRR, ∆%HRR, and coefficient of HRR (CHRR) at the 3rd and 5th min correlated with SD1 and SD1n (normalized units) in the supine position (rs = 0.36 to 0.47; p = < 0.01). From the 1st to 5th min, HRR, ∆%HRR, and CHRR correlated with SD1 and SD1n in the orthostatic position (rs = 0.29 to 0.47; p = ≤ 0.01 to 0.05), except for HRR at 5th min with SD1n (p = 0.06). Following the orthostatic stress test, HRR at 3rd and HRR, %∆HRR at 5th min correlated with ∆absSD1 (rs = 0.28 to 0.35; p = 0.02 to 0.05). All HRR measurements at 1st min correlated with ∆absSD1n (rs = 0.32 to 0.38; p = 0.01 to 0.03), and the CHRR at 1st min correlated with ∆%SD1(rs = 0.37; p = 0.01). After the sample was divided into high and low cardiovagal modulation subgroups, the subgroup with high modulation at rest (supine and orthostatic) and higher cardiovagal reactivity (reduction) showed faster HRR (p = ≤ 0.01 to 0.05; ES:0.37 to 0.50). HRR throughout the 1st to 5th min positively correlates with cardiovagal modulation in the orthostatic position, and the 3rd and 5th min positively correlate with cardiovagal modulation in both postures at rest. Faster HRR following the maximal exercise test is associated with high resting-reactivity cardiovagal modulation in healthy women.

Comparative analysis of temporal trends of obesity and physical inactivity in Brazil and the USA (2011-2021).

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity is rising in all subregions of America, including Brazil. To understand the obesity problem in Brazil better, a possible approach could be to analyze its obesity trend by comparing it with the reality of a country that went previously through the epidemiological transition, such as the USA. In addition, the obesity trend must be analyzed in comparison with obesity risk factors trends, such as the physical inactivity (PI) trend. Our aim was comparatively to analyze the temporal trends of obesity between Brazil and the USA from the perspective of temporal trends of PI. METHODS: We conducted a temporal trend study based on data from national cross-sectional surveys: the VIGITEL (Surveillance System for Factors of Health Risk and Protection for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey) for Brazil and the BRFSS (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System) for the USA, comparing the annual prevalence of obesity and PI between 2011 and 2021. For the analysis of each temporal variation, linear regressions were performed with the Prais-Winsten test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient was conducted to correlate the trends of the same variables between countries and of different variables within each country. RESULTS: Considering the total sample, Brazil [coefficient (95%CI) 0.6 (0.4;0.7), p = 0.000] and the USA [coefficient (95%CI) 0.5 (0.5;0.6), p = 0.000] showed increasing trends in obesity. The tendency of PI was of stabilization in the two countries [Brazil: coefficient (95%CI) -0.03 (-0.3;0.2), p = 0.767 and USA coefficient (95%CI) -0.03 (-0.2;0.1), p = 0.584]. In addition, there was a correlation between obesity trends between Brazil and the USA (r = 0.971; p = 0.000), but there was no correlation between PI trends between the two countries, nor with obesity and PI trends within each country. CONCLUSIONS: In the last decade, there was a trend towards increasing obesity and stabilization in PI, both in Brazil and the USA. However, there was no association between temporal trends in obesity and physical inactivity in both countries. Our data reinforce a call to action to prevent and control obesity, going with and beyond PI reduction.

Physical activity and health: a historical and conceptual approach / A relação entre atividade física e saúde: uma abordagem histórica e conceitual

This theoretical essay reflects on physical activity (PA) and health and the development of this study area, particularly in Brazil. A historical review is presented based on major research themes in the area since the 1950s and the evolution of PA recommendations for health. Crucial conceptual and operational definitions in the area that have gone through recent updates are addressed. The pa-per highlights relevant institutions and documents, as well as reflects on future perspectives and challenges in the field. Finally, this essay highlights the need to reduce the gap between the robust scientific knowledge already produced about the health benefits of PA and the real action in the field, especially in the primary health care setting

A partir de uma abordagem histórica, conceitual, crítica e didática, este ensaio teórico propõe uma reflexão sobre a relação entre atividade física (AF) e saúde e o desenvolvimento desta área de estudo, com um olhar especial sobre o Brasil. Apresenta-se revisão histórica a partir de grandes temas de pesquisa na área desde os anos 1950 e da evolução das recomendações de AF para a saúde. São abordadas definições conceituais e operacionais que passaram por atualizações recentes e que são cruciais na área. Faz-se destaque a instituições e documentos relevantes, além de reflexões sobre perspectivas e desafios futuros para a área. Por fim, destaca a necessidade da redução na distância entre a solidez do conhecimento já produzido sobre os benefícios da AF para a saúde e os desejados avanços no contexto da promoção da saúde, em especial na atenção primária à saúde

Can resting heart rate explain the heart rate and parasympathetic responses during rest, exercise, and recovery?

The effect of resting heart rate (RHR) on the heart rate (HR) dynamics and parasympathetic modulation at rest, exercise, and recovery remain to be clarified. This study compares HR and parasympathetic responses at rest, during submaximal exercise testing and recovery in young, physically active men with different RHR average values. HR and parasympathetic responses were compared between two groups: bradycardia group-RHR < 60 bpm (BG, n = 20) and normocardia group-RHR ≥ 60 ≤ 100 bpm (NG, n = 20). A Polar RS800® was used to record the RR-interval series and HR at rest in the supine position, following the postural change (from supine to orthostatic position) and in the orthostatic position for 5 minutes, as well as during and after a submaximal exercise testing. Statistical analysis employed the MANOVA, Mann-Whitney, and Simple Linear regression test with a two-tailed p-value set at ≤ 0.05. BG at rest showed lower HR in the orthostatic position, higher parasympathetic activity in the supine and orthostatic positions, and higher parasympathetic reactivity than NG (p ≤ 0.01) after the postural change. BG before exercise showed lower HR and higher values of the chronotropic reserve and parasympathetic withdrawal than NG (p ≤ 0.01) throughout the exercise. Following the exercise, BG showed higher values of HR recovery (HRR) and parasympathetic reactivation in the 3rd and 5th minutes of recovery than NG (p ≤ 0.01). Lastly, the RHR can explain the variance of the HR at rest, during exercise testing, and recovery from 11 to 48%. We concluded that BG (RHR < 60 bpm) showed higher chronotropic and parasympathetic modulation at rest, higher chronotropic reserve, parasympathetic withdrawal during the submaximal exercise test, and faster HRR and parasympathetic reactivation after effort in young physically active men.

High-Intensity Interval Training Combined with Different Types of Exercises on Cardiac Autonomic Function. An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study in CrossFit® Athletes.

It is well established that endurance exercise has positive effects on cardiac autonomic function (CAF). However, there is still a dearth of information about the effects of regular high-intensity interval training combined with different types of exercises (HIITCE) on CAF. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare CAF at rest, its reactivity, and reactivation following maximal exercise testing in HIITCE and endurance athletes. METHODS: An observational study was conducted with 34 male athletes of HIITCE (i.e., CrossFit®) [HG: n = 18; 30.6 ± 4.8 years] and endurance athletes (i.e., triathlon) [TG.: n = 16; 32.8 ± 3.6 years]. We analyzed 5 min of frequency-domain indices (TP, LF, HF, LFn, HFn, and LF/HF ratio) of heart rate variability (HRV) in both supine and orthostatic positions and its reactivity after the active orthostatic test. Post-exercise heart rate recovery (HRR) was assessed at 60, 180, and 300 s. Statistical analysis employed a non-parametric test with a p-value set at 5%. RESULTS: The HG showed reduced HFn and increased LFn modulations at rest (supine). Overall cardiac autonomic modulation (TP) at supine and all indices of HRV at the orthostatic position were similar between groups. Following the orthostatic test, the HG showed low reactivity for all HRV indices compared to TG. After the exercise, HRR does not show a difference between groups at 60 s. However, at 180 and 300 s, an impairment of HRR was observed in HG than in TG. CONCLUSION: At rest (supine), the HG showed reduced parasympathetic and increased sympathetic modulation, low reactivity after postural change, and impaired HRR compared to TG.

Coffee Increases Post-Exercise Muscle Glycogen Recovery in Endurance Athletes: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide and caffeine is known to improve performance in physical exercise. Some substances in coffee have a positive effect on glucose metabolism and are promising for post-exercise muscle glycogen recovery. We investigated the effect of a coffee beverage after exhaustive exercise on muscle glycogen resynthesis, glycogen synthase activity and glycemic and insulinemic response in a double-blind, crossover, randomized clinical trial. Fourteen endurance-trained men performed an exhaustive cycle ergometer exercise to deplete muscle glycogen. The following morning, participants completed a second cycling protocol followed by a 4-h recovery, during which they received either test beverage (coffee + milk) or control (milk) and a breakfast meal, with a simple randomization. Blood samples and muscle biopsies were collected at the beginning and by the end of recovery. Eleven participants were included in data analysis (age: 39.0 ± 6.0 years; BMI: 24.0 ± 2.3 kg/m2; VO2max: 59.9 ± 8.3 mL·kg-1·min-1; PPO: 346 ± 39 W). The consumption of coffee + milk resulted in greater muscle glycogen recovery (102.56 ± 18.75 vs. 40.54 ± 18.74 mmol·kg dw-1; p = 0.01; d = 0.94) and greater glucose (p = 0.02; d = 0.83) and insulin (p = 0.03; d = 0.76) total area under the curve compared with control. The addition of coffee to a beverage with adequate amounts of carbohydrates increased muscle glycogen resynthesis and the glycemic and insulinemic response during the 4-h recovery after exhaustive cycling exercise.

Caffeine Mouth Rinse Does Not Improve Time to Exhaustion in Male Trained Cyclists.

This study investigated the effects of caffeine mouth rinse on cycling time to exhaustion (TTE) and physiological responses in trained cyclists. In a double-blinded randomized counterbalanced cross-over design, 10 recreationally trained male cyclists (mean ± SD: 32 ± 3 years, 72.8 ± 5.3 kg, 1.78 ± 0.06 m, 13.9% ± 3.3% body fat, peak power output = 289.4 ± 24.7 W) completed two TTE tests cycling at 75% of peak aerobic power following 24 hr of dietary and exercise standardization. Cyclists were administered 25-ml mouth rinses for 5 s containing either 85 mg of caffeine or control (water) every 5 min throughout the exercise tests. No significant improvement in TTE was shown with caffeine mouth rinse compared with control (33:24 ± 12:47 vs. 28:08 ± 10:18 min; Cohen's dz effect size: 0.51, p = .14). Caffeine mouth rinse had no significant effect on ratings of perceived exertion (p = .31) or heart rate (p = .35) throughout the cycling TTE protocol. These data indicate that a repeated dose of caffeinated mouth rinse for 5 s does not improve cycling TTE in recreationally trained male cyclists. However, these findings should be taken with caution due to the small sample size and blinding ineffectiveness, while further well-design studies with larger samples are warranted.

Nível insuficiente de atividade física se associa a menor qualidade de vida e ao estudo noturno em universitários do Distrito Federal / Insufficient level of physical activity is associated with reduced quality of life and night-time studying in Brazilian undergraduate students / Nivel insuficiente de actividad física está asociado a menor calidad de vida y al estudio nocturno en universitarios del Distrito Federal

Resumo A prática de atividade física (AF) é essencial à saúde e à qualidade de vida (QV). Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de atividade física (NAF), a QV, fatores antropométricos e socioeconômicos em universitários do Distrito Federal. Métodos: Foram avaliados aleatoriamente 392 voluntários (43,6% homens). Empregaram-se os questionários IPAQ, WHOQOL e de tempo sentado (TS). Foram avaliados preditores do NAF com o emprego de regressão logística, assim como da QV estratificada por sexo, turno, NAF e renda. Resultados: Dos pesquisados, 51,4% eram insuficientemente ativos (IA) e mostraram menor QV do que os ativos (AT), nos domínicos físico (DOMF) e psicológico (DOMPS) (p < 0,05). Não houve associação do NAF com gênero, idade, estado civil, tabagismo e renda (p > 0,05). Menor NAF associou-se com maior TS e com aulas no turno noturno. A proporção de universitários IA foi elevada e se mostrou associada com menor QV no DOMF e DOMPS, elevado TS e com estudo noturno.

Abstract Physical activity (PA) practice is an essential issue for health and quality of life (QOL). Objective: We analyzed the level of physical activity (LPA) and QOL in association with anthropometric and socioeconomics factors among undergraduate students from the Distrito Federal - Brazil. Methods: We randomly evaluated 392 volunteers (43.6% men). We employed the IPAQ + reported siting time (ST), and WHOQOL questionnaires. Logistic regression was used to evaluate LPA predictors. QOL was compared between sex, class period (day vs night), LPA and income. Results: Two hundred and one volunteers (51.4%) were insufficiently active (IA) and showed lower QOL than the active (AT) ones on physical (PHD) and psychological (PSD) domains (p< 0.05). Lower LPA was associated with greater ST and with the night shift study. We found a high proportion of IA students that was associated with lower QOL on PHD and PSD, higher ST and nightshift study.

Resumen La práctica de actividad física (AF) es esencial para la salud y la calidad de vida (CV). Objetivo: Analizamos el nivel de la actividad física (NAF) y CV asociados con factores antropométricos y socio-económicos entre universitarios del Distrito Federal - Brasil. Metodología: Evaluamos 392 voluntarios aleatorios (43,6% hombres). Aplicamos los cuestionarios IPAQ + tiempo sentado (TS) informado y WHOQOL. Se utilizó una regresión logística para evaluar los predictores de NAF. CV fue comparado por sexo, turno de cursada (día vs noche), NAF e ingresos. Resultados: Doscientos un voluntarios (51,4%) eran insuficientemente activos (IA) y mostraron menor CV que los activos (AT) en los dominios físicos (DOMF) y psicológicos (DOMPS) (p˂0,05). Menor NAF se asoció con mayor TS y con clases en turno noche. Encontramos una alta proporción de universitarios IA asociada con menor CV en DOMF y DOMPS, alto TS y con estudio nocturno.

Impact of heart rate on reproducibility of heart rate variability analysis in the supine and standing positions in healthy men.

OBJECTIVE: The reliability of heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is not yet fully understood, especially considering different body positions and the mathematical influence of heart rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of HRV in supine and standing positions, with and without mathematical adjustment of HRV by the average R-R interval (iRR). METHODS: We evaluated 37 young males (23.1±4 years; 25.1±3 kg/m2). A 5-min segment of the iRR was collected in the supine and standing positions on three occasions separated by 48-hour intervals. Absolute and relative reliability of temporal and spectral indices were assessed by the coefficient of variation (CV) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. RESULTS: We did not observe differences in HRV indices in the three occasions in the supine or standing position (p>0.05). Moderate to good reproducibility was observed for temporal and spectral indices of HRV in the supine position (ICC: 0.65-0.89; CV: 0.9-19.8). In the orthostatic position, low to good reproducibility was observed (ICC: 0.35-0.89; CV: 1.1-34.8), with higher ICCs for temporal indices. After mathematical adjustment, only a small modification in HRV reliability was observed in both positions. CONCLUSIONS: In young adult males, the mathematical adjustment of HRV by the average iRR led to a nonsignificant effect on HRV reliability. Additionally, HRV reliability is dependent on body position and the index analyzed. Promising measures in both supine and standing positions include r-MSSD and the HF band (parasympathetic indices).

Caffeine increases parasympathetic reactivation without altering resting and exercise cardiac parasympathetic modulation: A balanced placebo design.

The sympathicotonic effect of caffeine is strongly evidenced in the literature. However, the effects of caffeine or caffeine expectancy on the cardiac parasympathetic modulation remain obscure. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeine consumption and expectancy of caffeine consumption on the cardiac parasympathetic modulation under different stress conditions. Twenty-one physically active men (22.3 ± 2.9 years, 25.2 ± 2.7 kg/m2) consumed ∼3 mg/kg of caffeine received as caffeine, caffeine as placebo, placebo as placebo and placebo as caffeine. Parasympathetic modulation was assessed by heart rate variability (HRV-Poincaré SD1 index) at supine and orthostatic positions, during a submaximal exercise (HRV threshold-HRVT) and during each 60 seconds (s) within 300 s of post-exercise active recovery. A factorial ANOVA for repeated measures (p < 0.05) was used to assess the effect of caffeine, expectancy and resting time after caffeine intake on the HRV. No significant effect of caffeine or expectancy was observed on the SD1 value at supine or standing positions (p = 0.47-0.53; p = 0.57-0.31, respectively), despite an increase in this variable after resting periods in both positions (p < 0.001). During exercise, caffeine and expectancy do not alter the HRVT (p = 0.51-0.39). However, higher SD1 values were observed after caffeine administration from 60 to 300 s post-exercise recovery (p = 0.01-0.05) but not for the effects of expectancy (p = 0.19-0.94). We concluded that low doses of caffeine or expectancy do not alter the resting cardiac parasympathetic modulation or HRVT. However, caffeine, but not expectancy, increases parasympathetic reactivation after a submaximal exercise test in young men.

Impact of heart rate on reproducibility of heart rate variability analysis in the supine and standing positions in healthy men

OBJECTIVE: The reliability of heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is not yet fully understood, especially considering different body positions and the mathematical influence of heart rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of HRV in supine and standing positions, with and without mathematical adjustment of HRV by the average R-R interval (iRR). METHODS: We evaluated 37 young males (23.1±4 years; 25.1±3 kg/m2). A 5-min segment of the iRR was collected in the supine and standing positions on three occasions separated by 48-hour intervals. Absolute and relative reliability of temporal and spectral indices were assessed by the coefficient of variation (CV) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. RESULTS: We did not observe differences in HRV indices in the three occasions in the supine or standing position (p>0.05). Moderate to good reproducibility was observed for temporal and spectral indices of HRV in the supine position (ICC: 0.65-0.89; CV: 0.9-19.8). In the orthostatic position, low to good reproducibility was observed (ICC: 0.35-0.89; CV: 1.1-34.8), with higher ICCs for temporal indices. After mathematical adjustment, only a small modification in HRV reliability was observed in both positions. CONCLUSIONS: In young adult males, the mathematical adjustment of HRV by the average iRR led to a nonsignificant effect on HRV reliability. Additionally, HRV reliability is dependent on body position and the index analyzed. Promising measures in both supine and standing positions include r-MSSD and the HF band (parasympathetic indices).

Is a short-stage protocol during an incremental exercise test reliable for heart rate variability threshold analysis?

Aim: Heart rate variability threshold (HRVT) is a valid method to determine parasympathetic depression during an incremental exercise test (IET). However, HRVT is usually assessed using the last 60s of each 180s stage of an IET, resulting in longer and demotivating tests. This study aimed to evaluate the agreement of HRVT analysis adopting the first and second minute of R-R interval (iRR) segment comparatively to a standard third-minute segment obtained at each 3-min stage on IET. Methods: Seventeen young male subjects (22.2 ± 3.1 years; 23.4 ± 2.3 kg/m2) underwent IET on a cycle ergometer. HRVT was considered the load corresponding to the point of stabilization of the SD1 index (HRVTV), or the first load with SD1 value < 3ms (HRVT<3), both assessed by the 1st (HRVT1V, HRVT1<3), 2nd (HRVT2V, HRVT2<3) and standard 3rd (HRVT3V, HRVT3<3) 60s iRR segment analyzed at each stage of IET. Agreement and reliability were assessed by the Bland-Altman analysis and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. Results: High reliability and non-significant bias were observed considering HRVT1V vs HRVT3V (ICC = 0.92; p = 0.18) or HRVT2V vs HRVT3V (ICC = 0.94; p = 0.99). However, lower reliability was observed for HRVT1<3 vs HRVT3<3 (ICC = 0.79; p = 0.75) and for HRVT2<3 vs HRVT3<3 (ICC = 0.91; p = 0.33). Conclusion: HRVT can be similarly assessed by the 1st, 2nd or 3rd 60 seconds iRR segment, mainly when assessed by a visual method.(AU)

Resting Bradycardia, Enhanced Postexercise Heart Rate Recovery and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Recreational Ballroom Dancers.

PURPOSE: In a cross-sectional study design, we evaluated the resting heart rate (HRbaseline) and exercise and postexercise stress test-related chronotropic responses in male practitioners of recreational ballroom dancing (BD; n = 25, Mage = 26.6 ± 6.1 years) compared to a control group of insufficiently active nondancers (CG; n = 25, Mage = 25.9 ± 4.5 years). METHOD: All participants underwent a submaximal exercise test. At 85% of the maximal predicted HR, the recovery protocol was started, and heart rate recovery (HRR) was recorded during 1-min intervals for 5 min. RESULTS: Compared with CG, BD showed lower HRbaseline (70 beats per minute [bpm] vs. 62 bpm, respectively, U = 143, p < .05, ES = .46), lower preexercise HR (94 bpm vs. 86 bpm, U = 157, p < .05, ES = .42), longer exercise test duration (346 s vs. 420 s, U = 95.5, p < .05, ES = .59), and higher HRR for 5 min postexercise (U = 1.29-1.89, p < .05, ES = .33-.50) as follows: 1st min (32 bpm vs. 40 bpm), 2nd min (45 bpm vs. 53 bpm), 3rd min (51 bpm vs. 58 bpm), 4th min (55 bpm vs. 59 bpm), and 5th min (59 bpm vs. 63 bpm). The coefficient of HRR from the 1st min to the 5th min postexercise was similar in both groups (U = 229-311, p > .05, ES = < .10-.22). CONCLUSION: Heightened cardiovascular functional status characterized by favorable enhanced chronotropic dynamics appears to occur in practitioners of recreational ballroom dancing, which suggests that this modality of exercise may result in health benefits.

Reliability of heart rate variability threshold and parasympathetic reactivation after a submaximal exercise test

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate reproducibility of heart rate variability threshold (HRVT) and parasympathetic reactivation in physically active men (n= 16, 24.3 ± 5.1 years). During the test, HRVT was assessed by SD1 and r-MSSD dynamics. Immediately after exercise, r-MSSD was analyzed in segments of 60 seconds for a period of five minutes. High absolute and relatively reproducible analysis of HRVT were observed, as assessed by SD1 and r-MSSD dynamics (ICC = 0.92, CV = 10.8, SEM = 5.8). During the recovery phase, a moderate to high reproducibility was observed for r-MSSD from the first to the fifth minute (ICC = 0.69-0.95, CV = 7.5-14.2, SEM = 0.07-1.35). We conclude that HRVT and r-MSSD analysis after a submaximal stress test are highly reproducible measures that might be used to assess the acute and chronic effects of exercise training on cardiac autonomic modulation during and/or after a submaximal stress test.(AU)

EFEITO DE DIFERENTES PROTOCOLOS DE RECUPERAÇÃO SOBRE A FUNÇÃO AUTONÔMICA CARDÍACA / EFFECT OF DIFFERENT RECOVERY PROTOCOLS ON THE CARDIAC AUTONOMIC FUNCTION / EFECTO DE DIFERENTES PROTOCOLOS DE RECUPERACIÓN SOBRE LA FUNCIÓN AUTONÓMICA CARDIACA

RESUMO Introdução: A avaliação da função autonômica cardíaca (FAC) após o teste de esforço (TE) é considerada um preditor poderoso e independente de risco cardiovascular. É escasso o conhecimento da influência de diferentes protocolos de recuperação sobre a FAC após TE em esteira rolante com os voluntários na posição ortostática. Objetivo: Comparar a reativação vagal e o grau de modulação global da FAC em dois diferentes protocolos de recuperação, passiva (RP) e ativa (RA), imediatamente após TE submáximo em esteira rolante. Métodos: Foram avaliados 24 homens fisicamente ativos com idade (média ± DP) de 27,2 ± 4,4 anos e IMC 24,8 ± 1,8 kg/m2. A ordem dos protocolos de recuperação foi definida de forma aleatória. Os testes foram realizados com intervalo de sete dias. Ambas as recuperações foram realizadas na posição ortostática durante cinco minutos, imediatamente após TE. Os índices temporais da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca foram utilizados para avaliar a reativação vagal e o grau de modulação global de FAC, rMSSD e SDNN, respectivamente, na RP e RA. Após análise da distribuição dos dados, utilizaram-se os testes de Mann-Whitney e de Friedman com post-hoc de Dum, no nível de significância de p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: Verificou-se maior reativação vagal no primeiro minuto de recuperação na RP comparativamente a RA [4,1 (4,9-3,4) ms vs. 3,4 (4,0-2,9) ms, p = 0,03] e maior grau de modulação global da FAC do terceiro ao quinto minuto e tendência a diferença significativa no segundo minuto de RP comparativamente a RA (p = 0,09-0,005). Conclusão: Os achados demonstram que o mínimo esforço físico, como caminhar lentamente sobre a esteira rolante, diminuiu a reativação vagal e o grau de modulação global da FAC após o TE submáximo em homens fisicamente ativos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The evaluation of cardiac autonomic function (CAF) after stress test (ST) is considered a powerful and independent predictor of cardiovascular risk. The knowledge about the influence of different recovery protocols on CAF after ST on treadmill with volunteers in standing position is scarce. Objective: To compare the vagal reactivation and the degree of global CAF modulation in two different recovery protocols, passive (PR) vs. active (AR) immediately after submaximal ST in treadmill. Methods: We evaluated 24 physically active males, aged (mean ± SD) 27.2 ± 4.4 years and BMI 24.8 ± 1.8 kg/m2. The order of the recovery protocol was set at random. The tests were performed in 7-day intervals. Both recovery protocols were performed in standing position for 5 minutes, immediately after ST. The time indices of heart rate variability were used to assess the vagal reactivation and the overall degree of CAF, rMSSD, and SDNN, respectively, in PR and AR. After analysis of the data distribution, the Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests with Dum post-hoc were used at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results: We observed a higher vagal reactivation at first minute of the PR compared to AR [4.1 (4.9-3.4) ms vs. 3.4 (4.0-2.9) ms, p = 0.03], and a higher degree of global CAF modulation from the third to the fifth minute and a tendency to significant difference in the second minute of PR compared to AR (p = 0.09−0.005). Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that minimum physical effort, such as walking slowly on a treadmill, decreased the vagal reactivation and the overall modulation degree of CAF after a submaximal ST in physically active men.

RESUMEN Introducción: La evaluación de la función autonómica cardíaca (FAC) después de la prueba de esfuerzo (PE) se considera un predictor potente e independiente del riesgo cardiovascular. Es escaso el conocimiento de la influencia de los diferentes protocolos de recuperación sobre la FAC después de la PE en la cinta rodante con voluntarios en la posición de pie. Objetivo: Comparar la reactivación vagal y el grado de la modulación general de la FAC en dos diferentes protocolos de recuperación, pasiva (RP) vs. activa (RA) inmediatamente después de la PE submáxima en la cinta rodante. Métodos: Se evaluaron 24 hombres físicamente activos con edades (promedio ± DE) de 27,2 ± 4,4 años y IMC de 24,8 ± 1,8 kg/m2. El orden de los protocolos de recuperación se definió al azar. Las pruebas se realizaron en un intervalo de siete días. Ambas recuperaciones se realizaron en la posición de pie durante cinco minutos inmediatamente después de la PE. Los índices temporales de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca fueron utilizados para evaluar la reactivación vagal y el grado de modulación general de la FAC, rMSSD y SDNN, respectivamente, en RP y RA. Después del análisis de la distribución de los datos, se utilizaron la prueba de Mann-Whitney y la de Friedman con post-hoc de Dum, a un nivel de significación de p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: Se observó una mayor reactivación vagal en el primer minuto de la PR comparada a la RA [4,1 (4,9-3,4) ms vs. 3,4 (4,0-2,9) ms, p = 0,03] y un mayor grado de modulación general de la FAC del tercer al quinto minuto y una tendencia a la diferencia estadística en el segundo minuto de RP comparada a RA (p = 0,09-0,005). Conclusión: Los resultados muestran que el esfuerzo físico mínimo, como caminar lentamente sobre la cinta rodante, disminuyó la reactivación vagal y el grado de modulación general de la FAC después de la PE submáxima en hombres físicamente activos.

Reprodutibilidade interavaliador do teste de discriminação de dois pontos na região plantar / Intra-observer reproducibility of two-point discrimination test on the sole of the foot

Introdução: A avaliação sensitiva periódica permite detectar perdas sensoriais para acompanhar a evolução do quadro. O teste de discriminação de dois pontos (DDP) é um teste clássico, de fácil aplicação e baixo custo, que determina a sensibilidade tátil funcional, e a reprodutibilidade deste pode facilitar o acompanhamento do tratamento e das condutas adotadas. Objetivo: Verificar a reprodutibilidade interavaliador do DDP em idosos institucionalizados e em jovens adultos. Material e métodos: Foram selecionados 12 idosos residentes em uma Instituição de Longa Permanência (grupo 1 ­ G1) e 24 adultos jovens (grupo 2 ­ G2), os quais foram submetidos ao teste DDP por meio do aparelho TouchTest®, por dois avaliadores. Para o tratamento estatístico dos dados, aplicou-se o teste de normalidade pelo método Shapiro-Wilk, e teste T para amostras independentes, com nível de significância p < 0,05; e os resultados processados pelo programa SPSS, versão 13. Resultados: No G1 pôde-se perceber uma tendência para que houvesse diferença dos resultados obtidos entre os avaliadores (p = 0,08); no G2 p = 0,95 praticamente não houve diferença entre os resultados (p = 0,95). Conclusão: O teste de DDP mostrou-se reprodutível quando aplicado interavaliador para a mensuração da sensibilidade plantar de idosos e adultos jovens.(AU)

Introduction: Periodic sensory evaluation allows detecting sensory loss to follow the evolution of the clinical picture. The test of two-point discrimination (2PD) is a classic, easy to use and low cost one, which determines the functional tactile sensitivity and reproducibility of this can facilitate monitoring, treatment and conduct adopted. Aim: To verify inter-observer reproducibility of 2PD in institutionalized elderly and young adults. Methods: Twelve elderly from a long-stay institution (group 1 - G1) and 24 young adults (group 2 - G2) were select and performed the 2PD through TouchTest™ device, by two evaluators. For statistical treatment of data, we applied the normality test Shapiro - Wilk method and T-test for independent samples, with significance level p < 0.05 and processed using SPSS 13 version. Results: In G1 we could notice a tendency for there to be differences of results between evaluators (p = 0.08), in G2 we did not observe difference between the results (p = 0.95). Conclusion: The test 2PD proved reproducible when applied inter-evaluator for measurement of plantar sensitivity of elderly and young adults.(AU)

Post-exercise heart-rate recovery correlates to resting heart-rate variability in healthy men.

JUSTIFICATIVE: The relationship between post-exercise heart-rate recovery (HRR) and resting cardiac autonomic modulation is an incompletely explored issue. OBJECTIVE: To correlate HRR with resting supine and orthostatic autonomic status. METHOD: HRR at the 1st, 3th, and 5th min following maximal treadmill exercise were correlated with 5-min time-domain (CV, pNN50 and rMSSD) and frequency-domain (TP, LF, HF, LFn, HFn, and LF/HF ratio) indices of heart-rate variability (HRV) in both supine and standing positions in 31 healthy physically active non-athletes men. Statistical analysis employed non-parametric tests with two-tailed p value set at 5 %. RESULTS: Absolute HRR and Δ %HRR at each post-exercise time did not correlated with HRV in supine position, as well as at 1st min in standing position. At the 3rd min and 5th min, these measures negatively correlated with pNN50, rMSSD, TP, and HF indices, and only in the 5th min, they showed negative correlation with HFn and positive correlation with LF, LFn, and LF/HF ratio in the standing position. Coefficient of HRR (CHRR) at the 1st min negatively correlated with pNN50 and rMSSD and at 3rd and 5th min showed positive correlation with LFn and LF/HF ratio in supine position. With HRV indices in standing position CHRR from the 1st to 5th min showed the same respective negative and positive correlations as the other measures. CONCLUSION: HRR from the 1st to 5th min post-exercise negatively correlated with parasympathetic modulation in resting orthostatic, but showed no correlation in supine position. At the 3rd and 5th min, a positive correlation with combined sympathetic-parasympathetic modulation in both positions was observed.

Utilização da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca para a identificação do limiar anaeróbio: uma revisão sistemática / Use of heart rate variability to identify the anaerobic threshold: a systematic review

O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi investigar os níveis de correlação e/ou concordância entre o Limiar de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (LVFC), identificado por meio dos índices RMSSD e SD1, e o limiar anaeróbio (LA) em amostras com diferentes condições clínicas e funcionais. A busca foi realizada por dois autores de forma independente nas bases de dados Scielo, LILACS e PUBMED. Para tal, foram utilizados os termos "anaerobic threshold", "autonomic nervous system" e "heart rate variability", aplicando seus correspondentes em língua portuguesa quando apropriado. Um total de seis artigos cumpriu os critérios de inclusão. Foram encontradas correlações (r) de 0,42 a 0,99 entre as variáveis investigadas, dependendo da amostra analisada. Observaram-se correlações significativas em cinco dos seis artigos selecionados, nos quais, apenas dois apresentaram de forma efetiva a análise de viés e erro pela técnica de Bland-Altman, demonstrando concordância entre os métodos propostos. Desta forma, verificou-se que dentro das condições adotadas nos estudos analisados, a estimativa do limiar anaeróbio por meio dos índices propostos fica limitada a homens adultos aparentemente saudáveis e diabéticos do tipo II, bem como para homens e mulheres com insuficiência cardíaca. Por outro lado, conclui-se que o número de estudos analisados não é suficientemente robusto para assegurar a estimativa do LA por meio do LVFC nas condições analisadas. Por fim, verifica-se a necessidade de novas investigações sobre a aplicação desta técnica em diferentes tipos de protocolos e populações.

The aim of this systematic review was investigate the correlation and/or agreement between the heart rate variability threshold (HRVT), identified by heart rate variability index (RMSSD and SD1), and anaerobic threshold (AT) in samples with different clinical and functional conditions. The search was performed by two authors independently using the SciELO , LILACS, and PubMed databases . The terms "anaerobic threshold", " autonomic nervous system" and "heart rate variability " were used , and when it was necessary the same words in portuguese. A total of six articles met the inclusion criteria. Correlations (r) from 0.42 to 0.99 were found between the variables investigated, depending on the sample analyzed. There were significant correlations in five of the six selected articles, in which only two were analyzed using the Bland - Altman plot showing agreement between the proposed methods. Thus, it was found that under the conditions adopted in the studies analyzed, the estimated anaerobic threshold by means of the proposed index is limited to apparently healthy adult males and type II diabetics as well as for men and women with heart failure. Moreover, it is concluded that the number of trials analyzed is not sufficiently robust to ensure the AT estimated by HRVT under the conditions studied. Finally, further research IS NEEDED on the application of this technique in different types of protocols and populations.

Suplementação com creatina associada ao treinamento resistido não altera as funções renal e hepática / Creatine supplementation associated with resistance training does not alter renal and hepatic functions

A creatina é o suplemento nutricional mais popular utilizado para melhorar o desempenho em atividades que envolvem exercícios de curta duração e alta intensidade. Porém, as possíveis intercorrências advindas do seu uso não estão totalmente elucidadas. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de duas dosagens de suplementação com creatina nas funções renal e hepática de adultos saudáveis durante oito semanas de treinamento de musculação. Exames bioquímicos foram realizados em 35 praticantes de musculação distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos, placebo (PLA, n = 12), creatina (CRE1, n = 12) e creatina 2 (CRE2, n = 11), antes e após oito semanas de treinamento com exercícios resistidos. Em desenho duplo-cego, os voluntários foram suplementados (20g/dia) com creatina (CRE1 e CRE2) ou placebo (PLA) por sete dias e nos 53 dias subsequentes com 0,03g/kg de massa corporal de creatina (CRE1) e placebo (PLA) e com 5g/dia o grupo CRE2. Não houve intervenção na composição de suas dietas, que foram registradas e analisadas. Os resultados dos exames bioquímicos realizados permaneceram dentro das faixas de normalidade. Os valores de creatinina aumentaram 12,2 por cento no grupo CRE1 e 9,0 por cento, no CRE2, enquanto que no grupo PLA diminuiu 4,7 por cento, entretanto, esses valores não ultrapassaram os índices de normalidade. Os valores dos exames da função hepática diminuíram em quase todas as frações, em todos os tratamentos, contudo, sem significância estatística. Conclui-se que a suplementação com creatina nas dosagens utilizadas (0,03g/kg e 5g/dia) para indivíduos saudáveis por oito semanas não altera a função hepática ou renal, sendo assim, nas condições deste estudo, foi considerada segura.

Creatine is the most popular nutritional supplement widely used to improve performance in activities that involve exercise of short duration and high intensity. However, the complications arising from its use are not fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two doses of creatine supplementation on renal and hepatic function in healthy adults during eight weeks of resistance exercise training. Biochemical tests were performed on 35 athletes randomly distributed into three groups, placebo (PLA, n = 12), creatine (CRE1, n = 12) and creatine2 (CRE2, n = 11) before and after eight weeks of resistance training. In a double-blind design, the volunteers were supplemented (20 g/day) with creatine (CRE1, CRE2) or placebo (PLA) for seven days and at the 53 subsequent days with 0.03g/kg of body weight of each supplement (CRE1, PLA) and 5g/day for CRE2. There was no intervention in the composition of their diets, which were recorded and analyzed. The results of biochemical tests conducted remained within normal ranges. Creatinine values increased by 12.2 percent for CRE1 and 9.0 percent for CRE2, whereas decreased by 4.7 percent in PLA; however, these values did not exceed normal rates. The values of liver function tests declined in nearly all fractions in all treatments, not being statistically significant, though. It is concluded that creatine supplementation at the dosages used (0.03g/kg and 5g/day) for healthy subjects during eight weeks does not alter hepatic or renal function, hence under the conditions of this study, creatine was considered safe.

Desempenho da potência anaeróbia em atletas de elite do mountain bike submetidos à suplementação aguda com creatina / Anaerobic power output of elite off-road cyclists with acute oral creatine supplementation

Com o objetivo de investigar os efeitos da suplementação aguda com creatina no desempenho da potência anaeróbia de atletas de elite do mountain bike, 20 atletas em período básico do macrociclo de treinamento foram distribuídos aleatoriamente (duplo-cego) em dois grupos: placebo (PLA, n = 10) e creatina (CRE, n = 10). Foram avaliados quanto à composição corporal (pesagem hidrostática) e potência anaeróbia (teste de Wingate - TW) antes (PRÉ) e depois (PÓS) de sete dias de suplementação. A creatina ou maltodextrina foi usada em três doses diárias de 0,3g/kg de massa corporal diluídos em meio líquido adoçado. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas variáveis morfológicas após sete dias de suplementação (PRÉ x PÓS), e os grupos não diferiram apesar da variação percentual (Δ por cento) contrária (positiva para o grupo CRE e negativa para o PLA). A potência anaeróbia pico (PP) e o instante da potência pico (IPP) aumentaram e o índice de fadiga diminuiu do PRÉ para o PÓS-testes no grupo CRE, enquanto que o grupo PLA não apresentou diferenças significantes. A PP apresentou forte tendência em ser maior e o IPP foi maior no grupo CRE comparado com o PLA. Conclui-se que existem evidências de que a suplementação com creatina (0,3g/kg) em curto prazo (sete dias) pode retardar o IPP (CRE 3,0 ± 0,5/3,6 ± 0,8 Δ por cento= 20 por cento) no teste de Wingate em atletas de elite do mountain bike, sugerindo que a suplementação com creatina pode melhorar o desempenho físico quanto à potência anaeróbia durante o trabalho de alta intensidade e curta duração.

In order to investigate the effect of a high dose, acute oral creatine supplementation on anaerobic power of male off-road cyclists, twenty elite athletes training at the basic period were randomly (double-blind) assigned into 2 groups: placebo (PLA n=10) and creatine (CRE n=10). They were submitted to a body composition evaluation (underwater weighting) and Wingate Anaerobic Test (TW) before (PRE) and after (POS) seven days of supplementation. The oral supplements (creatine and maltodextrine) were taken in sweetened vehicle with three equal doses per day (0. 3 g/kg body mass/dose). After a seven-day period, no significant differences were found on morphological variables (PRE x POS) and there was no difference between the groups in spite of the opposite percent variation (Δ percent) (positive for CRE and negative for PLA group). The anaerobic power output (PP) and the moment of pick power (IPP) increased and the fatigue index decreased from PRE to POST tests in CRE group; however, the PLA group did not show significant differences. The PP showed strong tendency to increased values and IPP was greater in the CRE compared with the PLA group. The results of the present study indicated that short-term creatine supplementation (0.3g/kg) can postpone the anaerobic IPP (CRE 3.0 ± 0.5/3.6 ± 0.8 Δ percent= 20 percent) leading to significant improvement on the performance of power output and peak power moment in off-road cyclists.